2.3 -Carbohydrates and lipids

1. The Framingham heart study was an observational study that went on for 20 years. The following data were produced. [Source: adapted from Gillman et al., Margarine intake and subsequent coronary heart disease in men. Epidemiology, 1997 Mar; 8(2): 144–9] Which conclusion can be drawn, based on these data?

2. Which of the molecules contain peptide bonds or are sugar molecules?

3. Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The cladogram on the left is based on DNA sequences and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing protein sequences.   What is the reason that cladograms based on DNA sequences are more reliable predictors of the phylogenetic relationship of species than cladograms based on protein sequences?

4. A polymer of alpha-D-glucose found in plants has mostly 1,4 linkages and some 1,6 linkages. Which molecule fits this description?  

5. The bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes infections related to the human reproductive system. The graph shows the percentage of samples in which this bacterium showed resistance to six antibiotics over a period of ten years. What is a possible explanation for the total percentage resistance being larger than 100% in 2010?

6. What type of molecule is shown in this diagram?

7. Which type of reaction is the breakdown of starch into sugars?

8. The diagram shows a molecular structure. Which type of molecule is shown?

9. Olive oil may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. What is/are the compound(s) responsible for the health benefits of olive oil? I.     Cis unsaturated fatty acids II.   Trans unsaturated fatty acids III.  Saturated fatty acids

10. Which molecule is a sugar?

11. Which molecule is a polysaccharide?

12. Which always contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen? I.   Carbohydrate II. Protein III. Fat

13. What are these molecules?

14. Which molecule is a polysaccharide?

15. Which sugars are examples of a monosaccharide and disaccharide?

16. Which are functions of lipids?

17. What process occurs when fatty acids combine with glycerol to make a triglyceride?

18. Which molecules are monosaccharides?

19. Which molecules show a monosaccharide and a fatty acid?

20. Which carbohydrates are used to provide energy storage in plants and animals?

21. Which structure represents a fatty acid?

22. The diagrams show three representations of the structure of the same chemical substance. What chemical substance is shown?

23. Which sugars are both disaccharides?

24. The diagrams show three representations of the structure of the same chemical substance. What chemical substance is shown?

25. What is a function of cellulose in plants?

26. Which statement describes glycogen?

27. What substance is represented by this structure?

28. What is the difference between galactose and lactose?

29. Which describes these molecules correctly?